Raising Two Fists (Stanford University Press) by Assistant Professor Roosbelinda Cárdenas González is an ethnography of Afro-Colombian political mobilization following the 1990s multicultural shift in Latin America. The book examines three key strategies used by Afro-Colombians: creating Black Territories to defend livelihoods, demanding reparations for war victims, and advocating for inclusion in peace processes. Cárdenas argues that despite their necessity, rights-based claims are often ineffective due to deep-seated racial hierarchies. Afro-Colombians, therefore, also cultivate African Diasporic solidarities and protect their communities outside the state's framework, employing a dual approach to citizenship.

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